不同森林-土壤类型在水源林生态系统中的作用

水源林是森林水文学的研究主体和实践区域,丘陵山区开发利用首先要解决水源林布局问题,使之达到生态平衡。文章探讨了不同的森林—土壤类型及其水源涵养能力,阐述了森林—土壤类型在森林生态系统中的基本核心功能,特别是林地土壤内的重力水库容在其中担负着重大的作用,并初步提出了营建和改造水源林的建议。     

基于"量-质-域-流"四维指标体系的水资源荷载状况评价——以黑河流域三地市为例

随着社会经济用水不断增加，水资源供需矛盾加剧，水资源系统出现荷载不均衡现象，制约了区域发展，危及生态环境良性循环。本文从水资源系统的负荷需求和承载能力出发，基于“量、质、域、流”四个维度构建水资源荷载均衡评价指标体系，采用指标规范化的正态云模型，评价2015年黑河流域张掖市、酒泉市、阿拉善盟水资源配置方案的荷载均衡状况，并依据负荷与承载能力评分二维坐标，分出低负荷-高承载能力、低负荷-低承载能力、高负荷-高承载能力和高负荷-低承载能力四个分区。评价结果表明：2015年三地水资源荷载状况均为Ⅳ级，张掖市综合评分为3.697，酒泉市为3.657，阿拉善盟为3.901，三地均处于高负荷-低承载能力区域；三地在水质维度上处于低负荷-高承载能力区间，水质维度评分均处于Ⅱ级，酒泉市水质评分优于张掖市，张掖市水质评分优于阿拉善盟；在水量、水域、水流维度上均处于高负荷-低承载能力区间，水量方面三地处于Ⅳ级，张掖市优于酒泉市，酒泉市优于阿拉善盟；水域方面张掖和阿拉善盟评分均处于Ⅴ级，酒泉评分处于Ⅳ级；水流方面三地均处于Ⅴ级。需要采取调控手段在水量、水域、水流方面上进行“增强承载”和“卸荷”。     

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish,Siniperca scherzeri

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirement of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, a demersal freshwater piscivore with high commercial value in East Asia. Five isolipidic (100 g/kg) and isoenergetic (20 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 g/kg crude protein, using mackerel fishmeal as the sole source of protein. Each of the five test diets was fed to visual satiety to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight ± SE; 20.1 ± 0.2 g) reared in a recirculating freshwater system over the experimental period. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level, and the highest values were observed in those fish fed the 600–650 g/kg diets. Feed intake significantly declined as the protein content of the diet increased. Feed efficiency and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary protein levels, from 450 to 600 g/kg, and then declined when dietary protein content further increased to 650 g/kg. A similar trend was also found for the protein efficiency ratio, although the observed changes did not reach statistical significance. Whole‐body composition and plasma biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by the dietary protein content. Based on these findings and a broken‐line model of growth, 614.4 g/kg seems to be the proper amount of protein in a practical diet for >20 g mandarin fish.     

Microtopographic structures facilitate plant recruitment across a saltmarsh tidal gradient

1. It is well known that establishment limitation is stronger than seed limitation in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it seems crucial during the recruitment recovery process to overcome this establishment limitation on bare or degraded patches.
2. Microtopographic structures have been shown to act as trap agents in saltmarshes. They can facilitate establishment, but this effect has not been quantitatively examined and assessed. This study examined the facilitative effect of microtopographic structures on plant recruitment in a dynamic saltmarsh system by conducting a series of field experiments along a saltmarsh tidal gradient.
3. A simple plant life‐cycle model was used to evaluate the dynamics of the plant recruitment process facilitated by microtopographic structure and the importance of each life stage. The influence of abiotic factors on each life stage was also assessed, to identify the determinants during the life history.
4. It was revealed that seed retention was the limiting factor in a bare saltmarsh area, rather than seed dispersal. Microtopographic structures can provide trap agents to facilitate seed anchorage. During seed retention, the stability of the microtopographic structure, especially its relative surface elevation difference, can be influenced by tidal events and the associated sediment process, which then affects seed retention efficiency.
5. Microtopographic structure has a strong environmental filtering effect that can revise the potential dispersed seed and emergence patterns, and the determinant of the final establishment pattern along a tidal gradient is the retention pattern resulting from the interactions between microtopographic structures and tidal events.
6. Furthermore, it can be designed into the early stage of recovery or restoration process so that it facilitates pioneer plant establishment. These early recruitment patches will speed up the recovery or succession process by (1) providing local seed sources, (2) retaining more seeds via the established vegetative structures, and (3) modifying microhabitat factors.

     

The role of dietary methionine concentrations on growth,metabolism and N‐retention in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) at elevated water temperatures

This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C.     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

微波处理条件对蛋清结构和IgG结合能力的影响

为探究降低蛋清致敏性的新方法,在不同的微波条件下处理蛋清蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE(十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳)分析分子量变化、圆二色光谱分析二级结构变化、紫外光谱分析三级结构变化、外源性荧光光谱分析疏水性变化、间接ELISA(酶联免疫吸附试验)分析IgG(免疫球蛋白G)结合能力的变化,研究微波对蛋清的影响。研究证实,微波处理降低蛋清蛋白的潜在致敏性,其中400 W/30 s处理后的蛋白显示出最低的IgG结合能力,所有条件下处理后的蛋清蛋白的二、三级结构均发生显著改变。80 W的微波功率下,蛋白质的结构先折叠,该条件下处理30 s后,蛋白结构又展开;当微波功率达到640 W时,处理时间较长的蛋白分子产生堆叠。蛋白质分子的结构变化导致了其抗原性的变化。     

Fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau as a dust source: iron mineralogical and geochemical evidence

The Alagxa Plateau, in the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important dust source areas in East Asia, and the widespread sandy desert in the area is important both as a reservoir and a source of eolian silty. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the most actively-growing mountain belt on earth, and has large amounts of debris, with masses of fine grained material, which were continuously mobilized and deposited in the Alagxa Plateau by rivers, forming broad alluvial fans. It is possible that the role of fluvial sediments as a source of silty dust in the Alagxa Plateau has been underestimated. In this study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the iron mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the fluvial sediments and the surface material of the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau, and comparing them with paleo-eolian dust deposits(loess) in the adjacent Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) to investigate the possible linkages among the fluvial sediments, sandy desert and the last glacial loess of the CLP. The results show that sandy desert typically have high contents of goethite, and high ratios of goethite to hematite, similar to the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau. Based on the major element characteristics, field investigations and the results of previous studies, we found a genetic link between the silt component of the fluvial sediments and the sandy desert in the Alagxa Plateau with high value of Gt(goethite) and similarity of the Gt/(Hm(hematite)+Gt) ratio. But the silt component of the sandy desert main come from the adjacent fluvial sediments. The iron mineralogical characteristics(χ(magnetic susceptibility), χARM(anhysteretic susceptibility), SIRM(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization) and SIRM_(AF100 mT)(SIRM demagnetized at 100 mT)) of the CLP samples overlap with those of the fluvial sediments in the Alagxa Plateau, but there is a mismatch with the sandy desert samples. This suggests that the fluvial sediments are the source of a large amount of silty material which could be transported to the CLP. Therefore, we conclude that the fluvial sediment in the Alagxa Plateau is an important source of eolian silt, which is deposited in downwind region, and that this source has been previously underestimated.     

不同太阳能干燥量对对虾干燥品质特性和能耗的影响

以南美白对虾为试材，研究了不同太阳能干燥量（1、2、3、4 kg）对南美白对虾干燥速率、水分活度、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、色泽、收缩率、复水率等品质特性和干燥能耗的影响。结果表明，干燥量越大，干燥速率越慢，干燥时间越长；不同干燥量干燥初期，南美白对虾的水分活度变化不明显，不同干燥量间差异不明显，当干燥到一定程度（干燥到5 h时），不同干燥量下水分活度出现显著差异（P＜0.05）；干燥量为3 kg与4 kg 时，南美白对虾干燥产品咀嚼性分别为137.41 mJ和131.06 mJ，显著优于其他干燥量（P＜0.05）；不同干燥量条件下，南美白对虾干燥后的色泽变化趋势不明显；干燥量3 kg与4 kg，干燥后的南美白对虾收缩率分别为22%和21.2%，复水率分别为73.0%和76.5%，收缩率显著低于、复水率显著高于其他干燥量（P＜0.05）；干燥量为3 kg，干燥时间为7 h时，总干燥能耗最低，为10.25 kWh，显著低于其他处理（P＜0.05）。干燥量3~4 kg时，南美白对虾干燥产品的咀嚼性、色泽、收缩率、复水率等理化特性优于其他干燥量，干燥能耗低，适于干燥南美白对虾产品。     

Mechanisms associated with tiller suppression under stagnant flooding in rice

Stagnant flooding (SF) during vegetative growth triggers stem elongation usually at the cost of tiller production in rice, reducing grain yield. To explore physiological mechanisms associated with tillering suppression under SF, three contrasting genotypes (Swarna and Swarna‐Sub1, both sensitive and IRRI154, tolerant) were evaluated under standing water depths of 0, 5, 30 and 50 cm. SF significantly suppressed tiller formation but increased plant height, root biomass, shoot elongation (ratio of plant height before and after flooding), leaf emergency and non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration (in root–shoot junction) in all genotypes at the early stage of development. Chlorophyll concentration in the upper leaves (upper most fully expanded leaf at top) was higher than in lower leaves (lowest green leaf at base), but decreased under SF in both. SF increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at the early stage of treatment, with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production by stems and leaves. MDA concentration in root–shoot junction increased but delayed. Tiller number correlated negatively with plant height, shoot elongation, leaf emergency, MDA concentration in leaves and root–shoot junction, root biomass, and NSC concentration in the root–shoot junction. The results suggested existence of compensatory mechanisms between tiller growth and shoot elongation in rice for resilience under SF, where energy is mainly diverted for shoot elongation to escape flooding. The SF‐tolerant genotype produced less H₂O₂ and maintained energy balance for higher survival and better growth under stagnant flooding.